Henri Lefebvre ( , ; 16 June 1901 – 29 June 1991) was a French

Marxist Marxism is a Left-wing politics, left-wing to Far-left politics, far-left method of socioeconomic analysis that uses a Materialism, materialist interpretation of historical development, better known as historical materialism, to understand S ...

philosopher A philosopher is a person who practices or investigates philosophy. The term ''philosopher'' comes from the grc, φιλόσοφος, , translit=philosophos, meaning 'lover of wisdom'. The coining of the term has been attributed to the Greek th ...

and sociologist, best known for pioneering the critique of everyday life, for introducing the concepts of the

right to the city The right to the city is an idea and a slogan first proposed by Henri Lefebvre in his 1968 book . This idea has been taken up more recently by social movements, thinkers, and certain progressive local authorities as a call to action to reclaim th ...

and the production of

social space A social space is physical or virtual space such as a social center, online social media, or other gathering place where people gather and interact. Some social spaces such as town squares or parks are public places; others such as pubs, websit ...

, and for his work on

dialectical materialism Dialectical materialism is a philosophy of science, history, and nature developed in Europe and based on the writings of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. Marxist dialectics, as a materialist philosophy, emphasizes the importance of real-world con ...

, alienation, and criticism of

Stalinism Stalinism is the means of governing and Marxist-Leninist policies implemented in the Soviet Union from 1927 to 1953 by Joseph Stalin. It included the creation of a one-party totalitarian police state, rapid industrialization, the theory ...

existentialism Existentialism ( ) is a form of philosophical inquiry that explores the problem of human existence and centers on human thinking, feeling, and acting. Existentialist thinkers frequently explore issues related to the meaning, purpose, and valu ...

, and

structuralism In sociology, anthropology, archaeology, history, philosophy, and linguistics, structuralism is a general theory of culture and methodology that implies that elements of human culture must be understood by way of their relationship to a broader ...

. In his prolific career, Lefebvre wrote more than sixty books and three hundred articles. He founded or took part in the founding of several intellectual and academic journals such as ''Philosophies'', ''La Revue Marxiste'', ''Arguments'', ''Socialisme ou Barbarie'', ''Espaces et Sociétés''.

Biography

Lefebvre was born in

Hagetmau Hagetmau () is a commune in the Landes department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France. Sights * Population Personalities The sociologist Henri Lefebvre was born here in 1901. References See also *Communes of the Landes departm ...

, Landes, France. He studied philosophy at the

University of Paris , image_name = Coat of arms of the University of Paris.svg , image_size = 150px , caption = Coat of Arms , latin_name = Universitas magistrorum et scholarium Parisiensis , motto = ''Hic et ubique terrarum'' (Latin) , mottoeng = Here and a ...

(the Sorbonne), graduating in 1920. By 1924 he was working with

Paul Nizan Paul-Yves Nizan (; 7 February 1905 – 23 May 1940) was a French philosopher and writer. He was born in Tours, Indre-et-Loire and studied in Paris where he befriended fellow student Jean-Paul Sartre at the Lycée Henri IV. He became a member of t ...

Norbert Guterman Norbert Guterman (1900–1984) was a scholar, and translator of scholarly and literary works from French, Polish and Latin into English. His translations were remarkable for their range of subject matter and high quality. Born in Warsaw, Guterman ...

Georges Friedmann Georges Philippe Friedmann (; 13 May 1902 – 15 November 1977), was a French sociologist and philosopher, known for his influential work on the effects of industrial labor on individuals and his criticisms of the uncontrolled embrace of techn ...

Georges Politzer Georges Politzer (; 3 May 190323 May 1942) was a French philosopher and Marxist theoretician of Hungarian Jewish origin, affectionately referred to by some as the "red-headed philosopher" (''philosophe roux''). He was a native of Oradea, a ci ...

, and Pierre Morhange in the ''Philosophies'' group seeking a "philosophical revolution". This brought them into contact with the

Surrealists Surrealism is a cultural movement that developed in Europe in the aftermath of World War I in which artists depicted unnerving, illogical scenes and developed techniques to allow the unconscious mind to express itself. Its aim was, according to l ...

Dada Dada () or Dadaism was an art movement of the European avant-garde in the early 20th century, with early centres in Zürich, Switzerland, at the Cabaret Voltaire (Zurich), Cabaret Voltaire (in 1916). New York Dada began c. 1915, and after 192 ...

ists, and other groups, before they moved towards the

French Communist Party The French Communist Party (french: Parti communiste français, ''PCF'' ; ) is a political party in France which advocates the principles of communism. The PCF is a member of the Party of the European Left, and its MEPs sit in the European Unit ...

(PCF). Lefebvre joined the PCF in 1928 and became one of the most prominent French Marxist intellectuals during the second quarter of the 20th century, before joining the

French resistance The French Resistance (french: La Résistance) was a collection of organisations that fought the German occupation of France during World War II, Nazi occupation of France and the Collaborationism, collaborationist Vichy France, Vichy régim ...

. From 1944 to 1949, he was the director of ''

Radiodiffusion Française Radiodiffusion Française (RDF) was a French public institution responsible for public service broadcasting. Created in 1944 as a state monopoly (replacing Radiodiffusion Nationale), RDF worked to rebuild its extensive network, destroyed during t ...

'', a French radio broadcaster in

Toulouse Toulouse ( , ; oc, Tolosa ) is the prefecture of the French department of Haute-Garonne and of the larger region of Occitania. The city is on the banks of the River Garonne, from the Mediterranean Sea, from the Atlantic Ocean and from Par ...

. Among his works was a highly influential, anti-Stalinist text on dialectics called ''Dialectical Materialism'' (1940). Seven years later, Lefebvre published his first volume of ''The Critique of Everyday Life''. His early work on method was applauded and borrowed centrally by the philosopher

Jean-Paul Sartre Jean-Paul Charles Aymard Sartre (, ; ; 21 June 1905 – 15 April 1980) was one of the key figures in the philosophy of existentialism (and phenomenology), a French playwright, novelist, screenwriter, political activist, biographer, and litera ...

in ''

Critique of Dialectical Reason ''Critique of Dialectical Reason'' (french: Critique de la raison dialectique) is a 1960 book by the philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre, in which the author further develops the existentialist Marxism he first expounded in his essay '' Search for a Met ...

'' (1960). During Lefebvre's thirty-year stint with the PCF, he was chosen to publish critical attacks on opposed theorists, especially existentialists like Sartre and Lefebvre's former colleague Nizan, only to intentionally get himself expelled from the party for his own heterodox theoretical and political opinions in the late 1950s. He then went from serving as a primary intellectual for the PCF to becoming one of France's most important critics of the PCF's politics (e.g. immediately, the lack of an opinion on Algeria, and more generally, the partial apologism for and continuation of

) and intellectual thought (i.e.

, especially the work of Louis Althusser). In 1961, Lefebvre became professor of sociology at the

University of Strasbourg The University of Strasbourg (french: Université de Strasbourg, Unistra) is a public research university located in Strasbourg, Alsace, France, with over 52,000 students and 3,300 researchers. The French university traces its history to the ea ...

, before joining the faculty at the new university at

Nanterre Nanterre (, ) is the prefecture of the Hauts-de-Seine department in the western suburbs of Paris. It is located some northwest of the centre of Paris. In 2018, the commune had a population of 96,807. The eastern part of Nanterre, bordering t ...

in 1965. He was one of the most respected professors, and he had influenced and analysed the May 1968 student revolt. Lefebvre introduced the concept of the

in his 1968 book ''Le Droit à la ville'' (the publication of the book predates the May 1968 revolts which took place in many French cities). Following the publication of this book, Lefebvre wrote several influential works on cities, urbanism, and space, including ''The Production of Space'' (1974), which became one of the most influential and heavily cited works of

urban theory Urban theory describes the economic, political and social processes which affect the formation and development of cities. Overview Theoretical discourse has often polarized between economic determinismMarx, K. (1976) Capital Vol 1Harmondsworth: ...

. By the 1970s, Lefebvre had also published some of the first critical statements on the work of

post-structuralists Post-structuralism is a term for philosophical and literary forms of theory that both build upon and reject ideas established by structuralism, the intellectual project that preceded it. Though post-structuralists all present different critiques ...

, especially

Michel Foucault Paul-Michel Foucault (, ; ; 15 October 192625 June 1984) was a French philosopher, historian of ideas, writer, political activist, and literary critic. Foucault's theories primarily address the relationship between power and knowledge, and how ...

. During the following years he was involved in the editorial group of ''Arguments'', a New Left magazine which largely served to enable the French public to familiarize themselves with Central European revisionism. Lefebvre died in 1991. In his obituary, ''

Radical Philosophy ''Radical Philosophy'' is a triannual peer-reviewed academic journal of critical theory and philosophy. It was established in 1972 with the purpose of providing a forum for the theoretical work which was emerging in the wake of the radical movement ...

'' magazine honored his long and complex career and influence:

The critique of everyday life

One of Lefebvre's most important contributions to social thought is the idea of the "critique of everyday life", which he pioneered in the 1930s. Lefebvre defined everyday life dialectically as the intersection of "illusion and truth, power and helplessness; the intersection of the sector man controls and the sector he does not control", and is where the perpetually transformative conflict occurs between diverse, specific rhythms: the body's polyrhythmic bundles of natural rhythms, physiological (natural) rhythms, and social rhythms (Lefebvre and Régulier, 1985: 73). The everyday was, in short, the space in which all life occurred, and between which all fragmented activities took place. It was the residual. While the theme presented itself in many works, it was most notably outlined in his eponymous three-volume study, which came out in individual installments, decades apart, in 1947, 1961, and 1981. Lefebvre argued that everyday life was an underdeveloped sector compared to technology and production, and moreover that in the mid 20th century, capitalism changed such that everyday life was to be colonized—turned into a zone of sheer consumption. In this zone of everydayness (boredom) shared by everyone in society regardless of class or specialty, autocritique of everyday realities of boredom vs. societal promises of free time and leisure, could lead to people understanding and then revolutionizing their everyday lives. This was essential to Lefebvre because everyday life was where he saw capitalism surviving and reproducing itself. Without revolutionizing everyday life, capitalism would continue to diminish the quality of everyday life, and inhibit real self-expression. The critique of everyday life was crucial because it was for him only through the development of the conditions of human life—rather than abstract control of productive forces—that humans could reach a concrete utopian existence. Lefebvre's work on everyday life was heavily influential in French theory, particularly for the Situationists, as well as in politics (e.g. for the May 1968 student revolts). The third volume has also recently influenced scholars writing about digital technology and information in the present day, since it has a section dealing with this topic at length, including analysis of the (1977); key aspects of

information theory Information theory is the scientific study of the quantification (science), quantification, computer data storage, storage, and telecommunication, communication of information. The field was originally established by the works of Harry Nyquist a ...

; and other general discussion of the "colonisation" of everyday life through information communication technologies as "devices" or "services".

The social production of space

Lefebvre dedicated a great deal of his philosophical writings to understanding the importance of (the production of) space in what he called the reproduction of social relations of production. This idea is the central argument in the book ''The Survival of Capitalism'', written as a sort of prelude to (1974) (''The Production of Space''). These works have deeply influenced current urban theory, mainly within human geography, as seen in the current work of authors such as

David Harvey David W. Harvey (born 31 October 1935) is a British-born Marxist economic geographer, podcaster and Distinguished Professor of anthropology and geography at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York (CUNY). He received his P ...

Dolores Hayden Dolores Hayden is an American professor emerita of architecture, urbanism, and American studies at Yale University. She is an urban historian, architect, author, and poet. Hayden has made innovative contributions to the understanding of the soc ...

, and

Edward Soja Edward William Soja (; 1940–2015) was a self-described urbanist, a noted postmodern political geographer and urban theorist on the planning faculty at UCLA, where he was Distinguished Professor of Urban Planning, and the London School of Ec ...

, and in the contemporary discussions around the notion of

spatial justice Spatial justice links social justice to space, most notably in the works of geographers David Harvey and Edward W. Soja. The field analyzes the impact of regional planning and urban planning decisions. It is promoted by the scholarly tradition of c ...

. Lefebvre is widely recognized as a Marxist thinker who was responsible for widening considerably the scope of Marxist theory, embracing everyday life and the contemporary meanings and implications of the ever-expanding reach of the urban in the western world throughout the 20th century. The generalization of industry, and its relation to cities (which is treated in ), ''The Right to the City'' and ''The Urban Revolution'' were all themes of Lefebvre's writings in the late 1960s, which was concerned, among other aspects, with the deep transformation of "the city" into "the urban" which culminated in its omnipresence (the "complete urbanization of society"). Lefebvre contends that there are different modes of production of space (i.e. spatialization) from natural space ('absolute space') to more complex spaces and flows whose meaning is produced in a social way (i.e. social space). Lefebvre analyzes each historical mode as a three-part dialectic between everyday practices and perceptions (), representations or theories of space () and the spatial imaginary of the time (). Lefebvre's argument in ''The Production of Space'' is that space is a social product, or a complex social construction (based on values, and the social production of meanings) which affects spatial practices and perceptions. This argument implies the shift of the research perspective from space to processes of its production; the embrace of the multiplicity of spaces that are socially produced and made productive in social practices; and the focus on the contradictory, conflictual, and, ultimately, political character of the processes of production of space. As a Marxist theorist (but highly critical of the economic structuralism that dominated the academic discourse in his period), Lefebvre argues that this social production of urban space is fundamental to the reproduction of society, hence of capitalism itself. The social production of space is commanded by a

hegemonic Hegemony (, , ) is the political, economic, and military predominance of one state over other states. In Ancient Greece (8th BC – AD 6th ), hegemony denoted the politico-military dominance of the ''hegemon'' city-state over other city-states. ...

class as a tool to reproduce its dominance (see

Antonio Gramsci Antonio Francesco Gramsci ( , , ; 22 January 1891 – 27 April 1937) was an Italian Marxist philosopher, journalist, linguist, writer, and politician. He wrote on philosophy, political theory, sociology, history, and linguistics. He was a ...

). Lefebvre argued that every society—and, therefore, every mode of production—produces a certain space, its own space. The city of the ancient world cannot be understood as a simple agglomeration of people and things in space—it had its own spatial practice, making its own space (which was suitable for itself—Lefebvre argues that the intellectual climate of the city in the ancient world was very much related to the social production of its spatiality). Then if every society produces its own space, any "social existence" aspiring to be or declaring itself to be real, but not producing its own space, would be a strange entity, a very peculiar abstraction incapable of escaping the ideological or even cultural spheres. Based on this argument, Lefebvre criticized Soviet urban planners on the basis that they failed to produce a socialist space, having just reproduced the modernist model of urban design (interventions on physical space, which were insufficient to grasp social space) and applied it onto that context:

Criticism and response

In his book ''The Urban Question'',

Manuel Castells Manuel Castells Oliván (; ; born 9 February 1942) is a Spanish sociologist. He is well known for his authorship of a trilogy of works, entitled The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture. He is a scholar of the information society, co ...

criticizes Lefebvre's

Marxist humanism Marxist humanism is an international body of thought and political action rooted in an interpretation of the works of Karl Marx. It is an investigation into "what human nature consists of and what sort of society would be most conducive to huma ...

and approach to the city influenced by

Hegel Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (; ; 27 August 1770 – 14 November 1831) was a German philosopher. He is one of the most important figures in German idealism and one of the founding figures of modern Western philosophy. His influence extends a ...

and

Nietzsche Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (; or ; 15 October 1844 – 25 August 1900) was a German philosopher, Prose poetry, prose poet, cultural critic, Philology, philologist, and composer whose work has exerted a profound influence on contemporary philo ...

. Castells' political criticisms of Lefebvre's approach to Marxism echoed the structuralist ''Scientific Marxism'' school of Louis Althusser of which Lefebvre was an immediate critic. Many responses to Castells are provided in ''The Survival of Capitalism'', and some such as Andy Merrifield argue that the acceptance of those critiques in the academic world would be a motive for Lefebvre's effort in writing the long and theoretically dense ''The Production of Space''. In "Actually-Existing Success: Economics, Aesthetics, and the Specificity of (Still-)Socialist Urbanism," Michal Murawski critiques Lefebvre's dismissal of actually existing socialism by showing how socialist states produced differential space.

Bibliography

*1925 "''Positions d'attaque et de défense du nouveau mysticisme''", ''Philosophies'' 5–6 (March). pp. 471–506. (Pt. 2 of the "Philosophy of Consciousness" (''Philosophie de la conscience'') project on being, consciousness and identity, originally proposed as a DES thesis to

Léon Brunschvicg Léon Brunschvicg (; 10 November 1869 – 18 January 1944) was a French Idealist philosopher. He co-founded the ''Revue de métaphysique et de morale'' with Xavier Leon and Élie Halévy in 1893. Life He was born into a Jewish family. From ...

and eventually abandoned—Lefebvre's DES 1920 thesis was titled ''Pascal et Jansénius'' ('' Pascal and

Jansenius Cornelius Jansen (, ; Latinized name Cornelius Jansenius; also Corneille Jansen; 28 October 1585 – 6 May 1638) was the Dutch Catholic bishop of Ypres_in_Flanders.html" ;"title="atholic-Hierarchy]/ref> Its seat was Saint Martin's Cathedra ...

'').)Schrift (2006), p. 152.Elden 2004, p. 96. *1934 with Norbert Guterman, ''Morceaux choisis de Karl Marx'', Paris: NRF (numerous reprintings). *1936 with Norbert Guterman, ''La Conscience mystifiée'', Paris: Gallimard (new ed. Paris: Le Sycomore, 1979). *1937 ''Le nationalisme contre les nations'' (Preface by Paul Nizan), Paris: ''Éditions sociales internationales'' (reprinted, Paris: Méridiens-Klincksliek, 1988, Collection "Analyse institutionnelle", Présentation M. Trebitsch, Postface Henri Lefebvre). *1938 ''Hitler au pouvoir, bilan de cinq années de fascisme en Allemagne'', Paris: Bureau d'Éditions. *1938 with Norbert Guterman, ''Morceaux choisis de Hegel'', Paris: Gallimard (3 reprintings 1938–1939; in the reprinted Collection "Idées", 2 vols. 1969). *1938 with Norbert Guterman, ''Cahiers de Lénine sur la dialectique de Hegel'', Paris: Gallimard. *1939 ''Nietzsche'', Paris: ''Éditions sociales internationales''. *1946 ''L'Existentialisme'', Paris: Éditions du Sagittaire. *1947 ''Logique formelle, logique dialectique'', Vol. 1 of ''A la lumière du matérialisme dialectique'', written in 1940–41 (2nd volume censored). Paris: Éditions sociales. *1947 ''Descartes'', Paris: Éditions Hier et Aujourd'hui. *1947 ''Critique de la vie quotidienne'', L'Arche *1942 ''Le Don Juan du Nord'', ''Europe – revue mensuelle'' 28, April 1948, pp. 73–104. *1950 ''Knowledge and Social Criticism, Philosophic Thought in France and the USA'' Albany N.Y.: State University of New York Press. pp. 281–300 (2nd ed. 1968). *1958 ''Problèmes actuels du marxisme'', Paris: Presses universitaires de France; 4th edition, 1970, Collection "Initiation philosophique" *1958 (with

Lucien Goldmann Lucien Goldmann (; 20 July 1913 – 8 October 1970) was a French philosopher and sociologist of Jewish-Romanian origin. A professor at the EHESS in Paris, he was a Marxist theorist. His wife was sociologist Annie Goldmann. Biography Goldmann w ...

, Claude Roy,

Tristan Tzara Tristan Tzara (; ; born Samuel or Samy Rosenstock, also known as S. Samyro; – 25 December 1963) was a Romanian and French avant-garde poet, essayist and performance artist. Also active as a journalist, playwright, literary and art critic, comp ...

) ''Le romantisme révolutionnaire'', Paris: La Nef. *1961 ''Critique de la vie quotidienne II, Fondements d'une sociologie de la quotidienneté'', Paris: L'Arche. *1963 ''La vallée de Campan - Etude de sociologie rurale'', Paris: Presses Universitaires de France. *1965 ''Métaphilosophie'', foreword by

Jean Wahl Jean André Wahl (; 25 May 188819 June 1974) was a French philosopher. Early career Wahl was educated at the École Normale Supérieure. He was a professor at the University of Paris, Sorbonne from 1936 to 1967, broken by World War II. He was in ...

, Paris: Éditions de Minuit, Collection "Arguments". *1965 ''La Proclamation de la Commune'', Paris: Gallimard, Collection "Trente Journées qui ont fait la France". *1968 ''Le Droit à la ville'', Paris: Anthropos (2nd ed.); Paris: Ed. du Seuil, Collection "Points". *1968 ''La vie quotidienne dans le monde moderne'', Paris: Gallimard, Collection "Idées". Trans. Sacha Rabinovitch as ''Everyday Life in the Modern World''. Allen Lane The Penguin Press, 1971. *1968 ''Dialectical Materialism,'' first published 1940 by

Presses Universitaires de France Presses universitaires de France (PUF, English: ''University Press of France''), founded in 1921 by Paul Angoulvent (1899–1976), is the largest French university publishing house. Recent company history The financial and legal structure ...

, as ''Le Matérialisme Dialectique''. First English translation published 1968 by Jonathan Cape Ltd. *1968 ''Sociology of Marx'', N. Guterman trans. of 1966c, New York: Pantheon. *1969 ''The Explosion: From Nanterre to the Summit'', Paris: Monthly Review Press. Originally published 1968. *1970 ''La révolution urbaine'' Paris: Gallimard, Collection "Idées". *1970 ''Du rural à l'urbain '' Paris: Anthropos. *1971 ''Le manifeste différentialiste'', Paris: Gallimard, Collection "Idées". *1971 ''Au-delà du structuralisme'', Paris: Anthropos. *1972 ''La pensée marxiste et la ville'', Tournai and Paris: Casterman. *1973 ''La survie du capitalisme; la re-production des rapports de production''. Trans. Frank Bryant as ''The Survival of Capitalism''. London: Allison and Busby, 1976. *1974 ''La production de l'espace'', Paris: Anthropos. Translation and Précis. *1974 with

Leszek Kołakowski Leszek Kołakowski (; ; 23 October 1927 – 17 July 2009) was a Polish philosopher and historian of ideas. He is best known for his critical analyses of Marxist thought, especially his three-volume history, '' Main Currents of Marxism'' (1976 ...

''Evolution or Revolution'', F. Elders, ed. ''Reflexive Water: The Basic Concerns of Mankind'', London: Souvenir. pp. 199–267. *1975 ''Hegel, Marx, Nietzsche, ou le royaume des ombres'', Paris: Tournai, Casterman. Collection "Synthèses contemporaines". *1975 ''Le temps des méprises: Entretiens avec Claude Glayman'', Paris: Stock. *1978 with Catherine Régulier ''La révolution n'est plus ce qu'elle était'', Paris: Éditions Libres-Hallier (German trans. Munich, 1979). *1978 ''Les contradictions de l'Etat moderne, La dialectique de l'Etat'', Vol. 4 of 4 De 1'Etat, Paris: UGE, Collection "10/18". *1980 ''La présence et l'absence'', Paris: Casterman. *1981 ''Critique de la vie quotidienne, III. De la modernité au modernisme (Pour une métaphilosophie du quotidien)'' Paris: L'Arche. *1981 ''De la modernité au modernisme: pour une métaphilosophie du quotidien'', Paris: L'Arche Collection "Le sens de la marché". *1985 with Catherine Régulier-Lefebvre, ''Le projet rythmanalytique'' Communications 41. pp. 191–199. *1986 with Serge Renaudie and Pierre Guilbaud, "International Competition for the New Belgrade Urban Structure Improvement", in ''Autogestion, or Henri Lefebvre in New Belgrade'', Vancouver: Fillip Editions. *1988 ''Toward a Leftist Cultural Politics: Remarks Occasioned by the Centenary of Marx's Death'', D. Reifman trans., L.Grossberg and C.Nelson (eds.) ''Marxism and the Interpretation of Culture'', Urbana: University of Illinois Press; New York: Macmillan. pp. 75–88. *1990 ''Du Contrat de Citoyenneté'', Paris: Syllepse, 1990. *1991 ''The Critique of Everyday Life'', Volume 1, John Moore trans., London: Verso. Originally published 1947. *1991 with Patricia Latour and Francis Combes, ''Conversation avec Henri Lefebvre'' P. Latour and F. Combes, eds. Paris: Messidor, Collection "Libres propos". *1991 ''The Production of Space'',

Donald Nicholson-Smith Donald Nicholson-Smith is a translator and freelance editor, interested in literature, art, psychoanalysis, social criticism, theory, history, crime fiction, and cinema.

trans., Oxford: Basil Blackwell. Originally published 1974. *1992 with Catherine Regulier-Lefebvre '' Éléments de rythmanalyse: Introduction à la connaissance des rythmes'', preface by René Lorau, Paris: Ed. Syllepse, Collection "Explorations et découvertes". English translation: ''Rhythmanalysis: Space, time and everyday life'', Stuart Elden, Gerald Moore trans. Continuum, New York, 2004. *1995 ''Introduction to Modernity: Twelve Preludes September 1959-May 1961'', J. Moore, trans., London: Verso. Originally published 1962. *1996 ''Writings on Cities'', Eleonore Kofman and Elizabeth Lebas, trans. and eds., Oxford: Basil Blackwell. *2003 ''Key Writings'', Stuart Elden, Elizabeth Lebas, Eleonore Kofman, eds. London/New York: Continuum. *2009 ''State, Space, World: Selected Essay'', Neil Brenner, Stuart Elden, eds. Gerald Moore, Neil Brenner, Stuart Elden trans. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. *201
an Architecture of Enjoyment''.
L. Stanek ed., R. Bononno trans. (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press), the first publication in any language of the book written in 1973.

References

Sources

* Stuart Elden, ''Understanding Henri Lefebvre: Theory and the Possible'', London/New York: Continuum, 2004. * Alan D. Schrift, ''Twentieth-Century French Philosophy: Key Themes And Thinkers'', Blackwell Publishing, 2006.

External links

*
"The Ignored Philosopher and Social Theorist: The Work of Henri Lefebvre"
by

Stanley Aronowitz Stanley Aronowitz (January 6, 1933 – August 16, 2021) was a professor of sociology, cultural studies, and urban education at the CUNY Graduate Center. He was also a veteran political activist and cultural critic, an advocate for organized labo ...

, in: ''Situations'', vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 133–155 (

PDF Portable Document Format (PDF), standardized as ISO 32000, is a file format developed by Adobe in 1992 to present documents, including text formatting and images, in a manner independent of application software, hardware, and operating systems. ...

available).
Henri Lefebvre, Urban Research and Architecture Today
* ttp://www.lasommeetlereste.com/article-henri-lefebvre-le-retour-69430706.html "La Somme et la Reste" Newsletter (in French)br>"Henri Lefebvre: Philosopher of Everyday Life" (2001) by Rob Shields''Lefebvre, Love and Struggle - Spatial Dialectics'' (London: Routledge 1999) by Rob Shields
Includes largely complete bibliography of Henri Lefebvre's work.

* ttps://web.archive.org/web/20160303225319/http://www.krcf.org/krcfhome/PRINT/nonlocated/nlonline/nonJordan.html "Bioinformatic Alignments" by Jordan Crandallbr>"Central Europe and the Nationalist Paradigm" (University of Texas at Austin 1996) by Katherine Arens"La Méthode d'Henri Lefebvre" in ''Multitudes'' by Rémi Hess (in French)''Stadt, Raum und Gesellschaft: Henri Lefebvre und die Theorie der Produktion des Raumes'' by Christian Schmid (in German)
* ttp://www.ingentaconnect.com//content/berghahn/sartre/1999/00000005/00000001/art00002 "Towards a Heuristic Method: Sartre and Lefebvre"by Michael Kelly in ''Sartre Studies International'', vol. 5, no. 1, 1999, pp. 1–15.
''Henri Lefebvre on Space Architecture, Urban Research, and the Production of Theory''
by Lukasz Stanek {{DEFAULTSORT:Lefebvre, Henri 1901 births 1991 deaths 20th-century atheists 20th-century French philosophers Anti-consumerists Atheist philosophers Continental philosophers Critics of postmodernism French atheists French Communist Party members French literary critics French male writers French sociologists Marxist humanists Marxist theorists People from Landes (department) Social philosophers Theoretical historians University of Paris alumni University of Paris faculty University of Strasbourg faculty Urban sociologists Urban theorists